VSP-based emissions/fuel use calculations

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Frey et al. (2008) used vehicle specific power as an indicator of engine power demand. For a typical light duty vehicle, VSP is:





$$ VSP=0.28v \times [0.305a+9.81 \times \sin(a+\tan (\frac{r}{100})+0.132]+0.0000065v^3 $$

where The average 95% confidence intervals for thes VSP modes in % are &#8723 5, &#8723 2, &#8723 3, &#8723 1, and &#8723 1 for NO, HC, CO, CO2, and fuel, respectively. The unit for VSP is kw/ton.